| ENG |
D |
Bedeutung |
| |
|
|
| active transport |
aktiver Transport |
transport across a membrane that is
driven by external energy (against chemical gradients) |
| anisotropic |
anisotrop |
literally "not equal in all
directions", i.e. there is a directionality, e.g. in the cell wall
expansibility |
| aquaporins |
Aquaporine |
membrane channels that transport
water or small molecules and increase conductance in case of
limitations |
| artifact |
Artefakt (arte factum) |
False experimental data produced by
problems of methodology or equipment |
| auxin canalisation |
Auxinkanalisierung |
the formation of a pattern of auxin
flow by global influx and polarised efflux, guides the formation of
vasculature |
| Bimodal Fluorescence Complementation
(BiFC) |
Fluoreszenz-Komplementierung |
Fluorescence produced by two interaction
partners fused to the two halves of a split YFP |
| biolistics |
Biolistik |
from Bio-Ballistics, shooting foreign
DNA into cells (can be transient or stable, depending on the vector) |
| bioluminescence |
Biolumineszenz |
Conversion of chemical energy into
light (does not require excitation!), e.g. Aequorin |
| birefringent |
doppelbrechend |
different refraction depending on the
direction of polarised light, caused by elongated, polar molecules |
| BODIPY |
BODIPY |
Boron-DiPyrrromethene based
fluorochromes with superior optical properties |
| caged compounds |
photoaktivierbare Komponenten |
bioactive molecules that are
inactivated in a chelated "cage" that can be released by a light
beam |
| Cavallieri Method |
Cavallieri-Methode |
Approach of stereology, where the
volume of an object is estimated from the relative area in several
sections of a z-stack |
| Caveat |
lat. für "man passe auf" |
a point in science, where data are
easily misinterpreted due to false concepts or experimental
ambiguities |
| cell lineage |
Zellabstammungslinie |
predictable sequence of cell
divisions, in some organism used to control cell differentiation |
| chemical Engineering |
chemical engineering |
direct manipulation of biological
processes by chemical agents independent of manipulation of DNA |
| codon usage bias |
Codonasymmetrie |
Asymmetric occurrence of the
different tRNAs conjugated to a given amino acid residue,
organism-specific |
| coupling |
Kopplung |
connection between two oscillators,
can be strict (physical) or weak (by resonance) |
| dichroitic mirror, beam splitter |
dichroitischer Spiegel, Farbteiler |
Filter that reflects or transmits
light depending on wavelength |
| differentiation |
Differenzierung |
developmental differences between
cell types in adaption to specific functions |
| diffraction |
Brechung |
Change in the direction of a light
beam upon transition between different optical density (diffraction
index) |
| diffraction limit |
Auflösungsgrenze |
The smallest distance that can be
resolved by light microscopy. According to Abbé's Law this limit is
defined as ratio of wavelength by numerical aperture. |
| DR5 |
DR5 |
Minimal auxin-responsive promotor
made of a 5' mutation of auxin-response element D1-4 of the gene GH3 |
| dynein |
Dynein |
motor protein moving along
microtubules towards the less dynamic minus-end |
| EB1 |
EB1 |
microtubule plus-end marker,
stabilises protofilaments against disruption |
| emission |
Emission |
Generation of light by an excited
fluorochrome by transition from the singulet back to the ground
state |
| endokaryotic Hypothesis |
Endokaryon-Hypothese |
model that the nucleus formed by an
endosymbiotic event from an Archaebacterial ancestor |
| enhancer trap |
enhancer trap |
minimal promotor driving a reporter
inserted into plants to "trap" tissue-specific active enhancers |
| entity |
Ganzheit |
a unit that acts as a whole (individuum) |
| epifluorescence |
Auflicht-Fluoreszenz |
Microscopical set-up, where the
excitation light is administered through the objective to the
specimen |
| evanescent field |
evaneszentes Feld |
Generation of a weak wave-front
during total reflection at the border between different diffraction
indices |
| excitation |
Anregung |
Transition of a fluorescent molecule
from the ground state into the singulet-state by absorption of a
photon |
| FACS |
Fluoreszenz-Zellsortierung |
Separation of fluorescently labelled
from unlabelled cells/structures in a liquid flow |
| false causality |
falsche Kausalität |
correlation of two events that are
not causally linked (e.g. stork number and birth rate) |
| flow cytometry |
Fluss-Cytometrie |
FACS-based procedure to count cells/nuclei
of different DNA-content |
| fluorochrome |
Fluoreszenzfarbstoff |
Molecule that is excited for
fluorescence in the visible range |
| FRAP |
Fluoreszenz-Regenerierung |
Fluorescent Recovery After
Photobleaching - approach to measure protein dynamics by bleaching a
ROI |
| FRET |
Förster-Resonanz |
stands for fluorescence resonance
energy transfer (irradition-free energy transfer between a pair of
fluorochromes) |
| FtsZ |
FtsZ |
filamentous temperature sensitive Z -
a cell division factor of bacteria, later found to be homologous to
tubulin |
| germ line |
Keimbahn |
those cells in a multicellular
organism that will generate the propagation cells (contrast: soma) |
| gigaseal |
Gigaohm-Widerstand |
in patch clamping electrically tight
connection between membrane and pipette to ensure absence of leak
current |
| Green Revolution Genes |
Green Revolution Genes |
genes with alleles that contributed
to the 5-fold yield increase achieved during Green Revolution
(1950-1980) |
| kinesin |
Kinesin |
motor protein moving along
microtubules, in most cases towards the dynamic plus-end |
| laser ablation |
Laserablation |
destruction of biological structures
or cells by a two-photon laser configuration without damaging
neighbourhood |
| laser capture microdissection |
Laserbasierte Mikrosektion |
excision of a region of interest by a
laser and extraction by a low vacuum to collect specific tissues |
| mechanosensitive channel |
mechanosensitiver Kanal |
ion channel that opens in response to
mechanic strain |
| microfibril |
Mikrofibrille |
fiber composed of 36 cellulose chains
that are drilled up, element of the plant-cell wall |
| microfilaments |
Mikrofilamente |
polymers composed of actin monomers (F-actin),
nowadays people use "actin filaments" instead |
| microtubules |
Mikrotubuli (Ez. -tubulus) |
polymers composed of heterodimers of
a- and
b-tubulin |
| monorail model |
Schienenmodell |
model for cell-wall anisotropy by
kinesin-driven movement of cellulase synthase along microtubules |
| moonlighting |
Schwarzarbeit |
second job (in the night), used for
secondary functions of proteins (often preadaptations for functional
change) |
| myosin |
Myosin |
motor protein moving along actin
filaments |
| NLS |
Kernsignatur |
nuclear localisation sequence,
peptide motif responsible for import of proteins into the nucleus |
| nsPEFs |
ns-Pulsfelder |
pulsed electrical fields of short
duration (ns) and high voltage (1 kV/cm), induce apoptosis |
| numerical aperture |
numerisches Apertur |
product of sin
a
(opening angle of objective) and diffraction index n (1 for air,
1.41 for glass) |
| on-cell configuration |
Ganz-Zell-Aufbau |
in patch clamp: configuration, where
the patch pipette sits on an intact cell |
| optical tweezers |
optische Pinzette |
manipulation of small structures by a
strong laser beam, based on gradients in diffractive index |
| pattern formation |
Musterbildung |
development of a non-random
arrangement of different cells |
| perception |
Reizwahrnehmung |
start point of signaling by
recognition of a signal by a receptor |
| photoactivable |
lichtaktivierbar |
Fluorochrome, where fluorescence
properties can be switched by light different from fluorescence |
| phragmoplast |
Phragmoplast |
plant-specific microtubule array that
organises the forming cell-plate in telophase |
| phyllotaxis |
Phyllotaxis |
the species-dependent patterning of
leave positions, following the Fibonacci sequence |
| pinhole |
Lochblende |
Small hole in confocal laser
microscopy filtering light depending on its geometrical relation
with the focal plane |
| polarity |
Polarität |
a gradient of activity in space, specifically for the
cytoskeleton: the direction between (+)- and (-)-end |
| PPB |
Präprophaseband |
plant-specific microtubule array at the G2/M
transition, predicting axis and symmetry of cell division |
| probe |
Sonde |
Specific molecules that are used to
investigate a specific biological process |
| protofilament |
Protofilament |
row of tubulin dimers, 13 protofilaments form the
microtubule |
| protonema |
Protonema (Vz. -nemata) |
filamentous gametophyte of ferns, upon blue light
irradiation transformed into bidimensional prothallium |
| ratio-Imaging |
Verhältnis-Abbildung |
Approach in quantitative image
analysis, where pixel intensities obtained at two emission
wavelengths are divided to remove the influence of intensity changes
not caused by the fluorochrome of interest |
| reaction-diffusion system |
Reaktions-Diffusionssystem |
processes that are autocatalytic (self-amplifying),
but coupled by mutual inhibition, produce self-organisation that is
independent of size. The driving model for biological morphogenesis |
| reporter |
Reportergen |
Gene that is easily detected and
reports the activitiy of the promotor under whose control it was
placed |
| ROI |
Zielregion |
Region of interest which is in the
focus of investigation |
| soma |
Soma |
those cells in a multicellular
organism that do not contribute to propagation (in contrast to the
germ line) |
| STED |
STED |
stands for stimulated emission
depletion, a specimen is excited by a laser and the excitation is
quenched by a second laser. Due to interference of the laser waves,
it is possible to generate an excitation spot that is smaller than
the diffraction limit |
| SIM |
strukturierte Beleuchtung |
approach to use interference patterns
for excitation that can be smaller than the diffraction limit. |
| SNAP tag |
SNAP tag |
coupling of a target molecule to
non-peptidic ligands in vivo using a enzymatic tag targeted to
nucleotids |
| Stokes-Shift |
Stokes-Verschiebung |
In fluorescence shift of the emitted
light to lower energy (longer wavelength), caused by dissipation of
heat during transition between different singulet states |
| STORM |
STORM |
stands for 3D stochastic optical
reconstruction microscopy, approach to reconstruct the exact
position beyond the diffraction limt by using temporal information
of a photoactivable fluorochrome. |
| susception |
Suszeption |
transformation of a physical stimulus
into a energy that can be used for perception |
| TIRF |
TIRF |
stands for total-internal reflection
microscopy using the fact that an evanescent field can penetrate
only a very short distance into the sample such that only the
uppermost 50-100 nm are excited. |
| totipotency |
Omnipotenz |
the ability of a cell to regenerate
an entire organism (animals: germ cells, plants: all cells) |
| tubulin |
Tubulin |
building block of microtubules,
heterodimer composed of
a- and
b-subunit |
| Turing systems |
Turingsysteme |
reaction diffusion systems that have
been recognised by Alan Turing as core principle of biology |
| two-Photon Laser |
Zweiphotonenlaser |
two coupled lasers of low energy are
focussed such that energy is added up in the focus site |
| vascular bundle |
Leitbündel |
transport tissue of land plants
consisting of xylem and phloëm |
| visualise / visualize |
markieren |
to render a protein or structure
visible, usually by specific labels |
